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| Artist | Backer, Jacques de (early Netherlandish painter, b.ca.1545, act.1595) |
| Previous attributions | previously attributed to Primaticcio, Francesco (Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, 1504-1570) Previously attributed to Netherlandish (Antwerp) School Previously attributed to German School |
| Title | Charity |
| Alternative/previous titles | The Triumph of the Heart |
| Date earliest | probably about 1580 |
| Date latest | probably about 1590 |
| Material | oil on panel |
| Measurements | 84.2 x 61.8 cm |
| Description | The central female figure sits wearing a blue dress with a red collar and red forearm sleeves. A pink mantle is draped across her knees and spreads down to the ground on the left. She holds one nude cherub standing on her lap with his arm about her neck. To the left is a second cherub holding up a flaming heart while his fellow on the right holds up grapes. Below this group we see the head and shoulders of a swarthy muscular man with receding ginger hair who is clutching a bag. This Charity, formerly known as The Triumph of the Heart, was long thought to be a work of the Mannerist painter Primaticcio (b. 1504, d. 1570), an Italian, who was one of the main representatives of the School of Fontainebleau. The present attribution was proposed by scholars in the 1960s and '70s. The elegant composition and the contorted figures of this picture, however, show the strong links between Antwerp, where Backer was born and where he died, and the Italian Mannerist painters of his time. |
| Subject | fugure; allegory (charity) |
| Collection | Culture and Sport Glasgow (Museums): Kelvingrove Museum |
| Current accession number | 142 |
| Previous accession number(s) | 37 (1855) |
| Acquisition details | Bequeathed by Archibald McLellan 1854. |
| Provenance | Possibly Melchior Wijntgis, Middelburg, 1604, as 'Charitas'; Archibald McLellan, by 1838. |
| Principal exhibitions | Between Renaissance and Baroque: European Art 1520-1600, Manchester City Art Galleries, Manchester, 1965, cat. no. 166. |
| Principal publications | Mander, K. van, Het Schilder-Boeck, Haarlem, 1604, fol. 232 recto; Dibdin, T. F., A Bibliographical, Antiquarian & Picturesque Tour in the Northern Counties of England and Scotland, II, London, 1838, p. 773, ill., as by Primaticcio, and in the McLellan collection; McLellan Catalogue, Glasgow, 1855, p. 10, no. 37; Miles, H., Catalogue of Dutch and Flemish Paintings in the Glasgow Art Gallery, Glasgow, 1961, I, p. 98, no. 142, II, p. 8, as Netherlandish School (Antwerp), late 16th century; Faggin, G. T., La pittura ad Anversa nel Cinquecento, Florence, 1968, pp. 58, 275, fig. 170; Muller Hofstede, J., 'Jacques de Backer, Ein Vertreter der Florentinisch-Roemischen Maniera in Antwerpen', Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch, 35, 1973, pp. 250-251, as by de Backer, close to H. de Clerck; Foucart, J., Trésors sacrés - Trésors cachés: Patrimoine des églises de Seine-de-Marne, Melun, 1988, cat. no. 39, pp. 116-17; SAUR Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon, Munich and Leipzig, vol. 6, 1992, p. 171. |
| Notes | J. Muller Hofstede 1965 (file note): probably Jacques de Backer; S. Beguin 1968 (file note): 'closer to de Backer than H. de Clerck'; K. Andrews 1978 (file note): 'must be by de Backer'. Possibly the 'Charitas' in the collection of Melchior Wijntgis, Middelburg, 1604 (see K. van Mander, Het Schilder-Boeck, Haarlem, 1604). In 1988 attributed by J. Foucart to J. de Backer, on the grounds of its similarity to an altarpiece in the church of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre at Boissise-la-Bernard, formerly attributed to Andrea del Sarto and now believed to be by Backer; this attribution was also expressed by Dr Justus Müller Hofstede, after close examination of the picture on 15 May 1965. |
| Rights status | Culture and Sport Glasgow (Museums) |
| Author | Robert Wenley and Dr Heiner Krellig |




